Biologia = zoologia + botanica.
specie < genere < famiglia < ordine < classe < divisione < regno
| 7 ranks | Mia Zinnia | Mia Conchiglia >>> | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | Animalia | |
| Phylum | Magnoliophyta | Mollusca | |
| Class | Magnoliopsida | Bivalvia | |
| Order | Asterales | Veneroida | |
| Family | Asteraceae | Cardiidae | it | |
| Genus | Zinnia | Cerastoderma | |
| Species | Zinnia_elegans | Cerastoderma edule |
In a biological classification, rank is the level in a hierarchy. Rarely, the term "taxonomic category" is used instead of "rank".
There are 7 main ranks defined by the international nomenclature codes.
Per avere un'idea di questa classificazione, cerco di esemplificarla a grandi linee.
Spermatophyta
(fanerogame)
= Gymnospermae +
Angiosperme
(semi nudi, senza fiori) + (semi incapsulati, con fiori)
Cryptogamae Crittogame (κρυπτός nascosta; γαμέω riproduzione)
| Gymnosperms (seed plants not flowering) | Angiosperms (flowering seed plants) |
| Coniferous (females bearing ovulate cones that release unenclosed seeds at maturity) | Fruit-bearing (enclosing seeds within) |
| Usually evergreen (gradually shedding foliage, green foliage throughout year) | Usually deciduous (seasonally shedding all foliage, no foliage for part of year) |
| Known as softwoods (nonporous, wood typically lighter & softer) | Known as hardwoods (wood structure porous & more complex, wood generally harder) |
| Needle-like or scale-like leaves | Broad leaves |
| Examples: firs, spruces, pines | Examples: hickories, maples, oaks |
ref: nature/The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification
La moderna sistematica, basata sulla cladistica, vuole che i gruppi tassonomici siano monofiletici, cioè derivanti da un antenato comune e comprendenti tutti i discendenti di questo antenato comune.
Il Codice Internazionale di Nomenclatura Botanica (ICBN) permette, per i taxa di rango superiore alla famiglia, di usare indipendentemente nomi descrittivi tradizionali come Angiospermae o regolarmente derivati da un genere "tipo" come Magnoliophyta, che deriva dal genere Magnolia.
Tassonomia_ed_evoluzione. Albero tassonomico, albero filogenetico.
| biological systematics | \ | |
|
Biological classification, or
scientific classification in biology
|
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| scientific taxonomy | / |
Classificazione filogenetica: basata sull'omologia, cioe' usa le simliarita' di ascendenza comune.
Binomial system was developed based on morphology with groups having similar appearances.
anatomists
Andrea Caesalpino (1519–1603) in his De plantis libri XVI (1583) proposed the first methodical arrangement of plants. On the basis of the structure of trunk and fructification he divided plants into 15 "higher genera"
of all plants belonging to the same genus should begin with the same word (generic name). In the genera containing more than one species the first species was named with generic name only, while the second, etc. were named with a combination of the generic name and a modifier (differentia specifica).
Carolus Linnaeus' great work, the Systema Naturæ (1st ed. 1735), ran through 12 editions during his lifetime. In this work, nature was divided into three kingdoms: mineral, vegetable and animal. Linnaeus used 5 ranks: class, order, genus, species, and variety.
The convention for naming species is referred to as binomial nomenclature.
Dinosaurs "giving rise to" or being "the ancestors of" birds, is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking. Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis, Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced.
The very top genera are the categories
Classificazione biologica. Sistematica.