^^Elementi di geometria di Euclide. Grundlagen der Geometrie di Hilbert.

 

Elementi di geometria, di Euclide.

“Uno dei più grandi libri che siano mai stati scritti” (B. Russell)

"E' il testo piu' importante di tutta la scienza, come il vangelo per i cristiani" (Roberto Occa), pero' non e' stato rispettato dai matematici, poiche' invece che scrivere commenti, come per es oggi in Italia per la Divina Commedia, od i Promessi sposi, ognuno li ha sostituiti con il proprio testo.

Testo assiomatico

Gli Elementi sono

Il sistema primitivo a partire dal quale tutto il resto si sviluppa tramite dimostrazioni, e' cosi' organizzato:

  1. definizione degli enti fondamentali (punto, retta, angolo, ecc.), seguono
  2. i 5 postulati,
  3. le 5 nozioni comuni o assiomi.

Dal punto di vista moderno:

Criticism ref: wp

  1. Euclid's list of axioms in the Elements was not exhaustive, but represented the principles that were the most important.
  2. His proofs often invoke axiomatic notions which were not originally presented in his list of axioms. Later editors have interpolated Euclid's implicit axiomatic assumptions in the list of formal axioms.

For example,

  1. in the first construction of Book 1, Euclid used a premise that was neither postulated nor proved: that two circles with centers at the distance of their radius will intersect in two points.
  2. Later, in the fourth construction, he used superposition (moving the triangles on top of each other) to prove that if two sides and their angles are equal, then they are congruent; during these considerations he uses some properties of superposition, but these properties are not described explicitly in the treatise. If superposition is to be considered a valid method of geometric proof, all of geometry would be full of such proofs. For example, propositions I.1 – I.3 can be proved trivially by using superposition.

 

Mathematician and historian W. W. Rouse Ball put the criticisms in perspective, remarking that "the fact that for two thousand years [the Elements] was the usual text-book on the subject raises a strong presumption that it is not unsuitable for that purpose."[27]

 

Starting with Moritz Pasch in 1882, many improved axiomatic systems for geometry have been proposed, the best known being those of Hilbert, George Birkhoff, and Tarski.

 

Links inet

Sono parecchi i siti dedicati a Euclide

  1. BookI un tipo un po' incazzato

 

Grundlagen der Geometrie, di Hilbert.

http://www.archive.org/details/thefoundationsof17384gut

la versione pdf e' la migliore.